Water-saving practices that enhance soil moisture retention and support healthy vineyard ecosystems; Mulching, contour planting, and using cover crops to maximize water retention; How water interacts with soil and plants, and how water stress or overuse can affect vine growth and grape quality; Methods for calculating water needs based on climate, soil type, and vine growth stages; Drought-resistant grapevine varieties and rootstocks as strategies to improve vineyard resilience in water-scarce regions; Consideration of environmental factors, like rainfall patterns and evapotranspiration, for better planning and resource management; Techniques like rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation and deficit irrigation; Managing vineyard layout and drainage systems to prevent waterlogging and optimize water absorption.

Wastewater treatment technologies; Safely reusing recycled water in viticulture; Legal and health considerations for recycled water use.